ABSTRACT
El trasplante renal es el tratamiento de elección para los pacientes con falla renal terminal. Las principales causas de pérdida de injertos son la muerte del paciente con injerto funcionante, especialmente de causa cardiovascular y la nefropatía crónica del injerto, con una pérdida crónica de injertos que resulta en un problema relevante. Dentro de las causas de nefropatía crónica destaca la causa inmunológica. Una de las causas de pérdida de injertos de origen inmunológico son los rechazos agudos, los que pueden ser de origen celular y humoral. Por otra parte, y a pesar de los avances en la comprensión de los mecanismos responsables de la inmunidad celular y el desarrollo de nuevas drogas inmunosupresoras (DIS), el rechazo mediado por anticuerpos o humoral aparece hoy como un peligro para la sobrevida del injertos a corto y a largo plazo. Afortunadamente el tratamiento del rechazo agudo humoral con drogas específicas ha resultado exitoso, sin embargo no ha ocurrido lo mismo con el rechazo mediado por anticuerpos de presentación más tardía, posiblemente por su comportamiento subclínico y un diagnóstico tardío, permaneciendo como un nuevo desafío recientemente reconocido. Por otra parte y basado en el exitoso tratamiento del RAH, se ha planteado mejorar las expectativas de llegar a realizar un trasplante a los pacientes sensibilizados. Esto es posible conseguir aplicando protocolos de desensibilización que se basan en la utilización de las mismas drogas para tratar RAH, consiguiendo ampliar las posibilidades de trasplante. El éxito de éstas es relativo al tipo de protocolos y a la intensidad de la sensibilización. La sobrevida del injerto en esta situación es plausible en la gran mayoría de los casos, sin embargo existe riesgo de presentar rechazo agudo humoral, y más complejo aún es el hecho que la sobrevida a largo plazo de los injertos sigue siendo todavía desconocida.
Renal Transplantation is the therapy of choice for patients with end-stage renal failure. The main causes for graft losses are patient death with functioning graft, mainly of cardiovascular etiology and chronic allograft nephropathy. Among the causes of chronic allograft nephropathy, the immunological ones are among the most important; one of them are the acute rejection episodes, which can be of cellular or humoral etiology; in addition, and despite the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the cell immunity and the development of new immunosuppressive drugs (DIS) the antibody mediated rejection o humoral rejection has become today a danger for the short and long term allograft survival. Fortunately, the treatment of acute humoral rejection with specific drugs has become successful, however, the situation is different with late occurring antibody mediated rejection episodes, probably due to its subclinical behavior and a late diagnosis, remaining as a new challenge recently recognized. On the other hand based on the successful treatment of the RAH, expectations of performing a transplant in sensitized patients have been improved. This is possible to achieve using desensitizing protocols base don the same drugs used to treat RAH, thus increasing transplant possibilities. The success is related to the type of protocols and the intensity of the desensitizing. Graft survival in this situation is possible in the large majority of cases, however, the risk of acute humoral rejection is present, but even more complex is the fact thatlong-term survival is still unknown.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Immunity, Humoral , Graft Rejection/immunology , Graft Rejection/prevention & control , Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects , Desensitization, Immunologic , HLA Antigens , Graft Survival/immunologyABSTRACT
Reportamos el caso de un hombre de 42 años, seronegativo para VIH, con fiebre de origen desconocido (FOD), asociada a elevación de transaminasas y fosfatasas alcalinas con patrón colestásico e imágenes hepáticas hipodensas en la tomografía axial computada. La biopsia hepática demostró la presencia de granulomas tuberculosos con visualización de un bacilo con alcohol-ácido resistencia. El cuadro respondió al tratamiento con fármacos antituberculosos presentando caída de curva febril, mejoría del estado general y normalización de parámetros de laboratorio.
We report a 42 years old HIV negative male admitted for fever of unknown origin. Initial laboratory evaluation showed elevated hepatic transaminases and alkaline phosphatase and an hipodense hepatic imagen was visualized in the CT scan. Hepatic biopsy demonstrated tuberculous granulomas and alcohol fast acid rods with Ziehl Neelsen stain. Anti-tuberculous treatment resulted in resolution of fever, improvement of general condition and normalization of laboratory parameters.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Tuberculosis, Hepatic/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Splenic/diagnosis , Biopsy , Fever of Unknown Origin/microbiology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Tuberculosis, Hepatic/drug therapy , Tuberculosis, Splenic/drug therapyABSTRACT
Renal transplantation can be done in patients with neurogenic bladder and clean intermittent sel catheterization maintains renal function. To retrospective assess the results of renal transplantation in patients with neurogenic bladder. The medical records of seven patients aged 10 to 22 years old (3 female) followed during 7 to 32 months were reviewed. All patients had urinary tract infection prior to transplantation, were instructed to self catheterization and received tri-associated immunosupression. Grafts came from alive related donors in 5 patients and from cadavers in 2. Prior to transplantation, 3 patients were subjected to nephrectomy and 3 to bladder enlargement, leaving a pigtail catheter. After transplantation, one lymphocele was drained, one uretherostomy due to an impacted lithiasis and one nephrectomy plus vesical enlargement due to intravesical pressures over 40 cm H2O, were done. One uretheral stricture was treated with dilatation. Seven episodes of pyelonephritis, 19 urinary tract infections and 77 asymptomatic bacteriurias were documented. Serum creatinine at the end of follow up ranged from 0.7 to 2.1 mg/dl. There were 0.7 acute rejection episodes per patient and all grafts survived. Renal transplantation in patients with neurogenic bladder is feasible, performing a vesical enlargement. There is however a high frequency of infectious episodes
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic/complications , Kidney Transplantation , Pyelonephritis/complications , Urinary Tract Infections/complications , Urinary Catheterization , Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/etiologyABSTRACT
We report 2 insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients with a past history of 21 and 30 years complicated with retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy with arterial hypertension and kidney failure. Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation was done 8 and 18 months after starting hemodialysis, performing a double intraperitoneal implant with pancreato-duodeno-vesical anastomosis and contralateral kidney grafting with uretero vesical anastomosis using antireflux techniques. In the second case, a second kidney transplant from the same donor was needed, due to a thrombosis of renal vein. There was one rejection episode in each case but renal or pancreatic function was not impaired. Other observed complications were metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia due to urine loss of bicarbonate, moderate arterial hypertension and bacterial and fungal infections. There was a graft dysfunction due to the association of vancomycin and cyclosporin. In conclusion, in the two presented patients, simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantations were succesful and they remain free of insulin or dialytic therapy 4 and 9 months after the operation